One substitute for upward movement can be upward

LOW
SUPERVISORY MEDIUM
LEVEL
HIGH
LOW
SUPERVISORY MEDIUM
POWER
HIGH
LOW
BACKGROUND MEDIUM
DIFFERENCES
HIGH

[~j . ([j)

175

Desire for promotion and other factors.
Although the status symbol syndrome could not be shown to affect the communication accuracy score directly, it has been already pointed out that strong promotional desires of this sort cause subordinates to restrict adverse information about themselves in_attempting to create a 'rosy picture' to their superiors. Firms with an intricate 'honours' system thus tend to create managers with stronger promotional desires. If those managers experience little promotion, then a mismatch of need and achievement may occur. To avoid considerable dissatisfaction an alternative outlet may be sought.
One substitute for upward movement can be upward
communication. Whereas managers with little mismatch of need and achievement kept their communications to reasonable levels, managers with a greater need for a psychological substitute tended to communicate more frequently with their superiors.
This finding is somewhat different from the simple