A crucial question for the success of management by

concentrate attention upon, the most important elements of the manager's job. '
(b) The subsequent appraisal of pelformance will identify
and enable the correction of factors which have
impeded the attainment of the objectives.
(c) The motivation of managers will be increased by their
J. " .
partICIpatIon 10 target settmg.
A crucial question for the success of management by
objectives is whether it will be seen to be a system of
imposed control or 'a system of control exerted by the
individual himself, and this in turn requires that both superior and subordinate have some appreciation of the basic pitfalls involved.

Training
Contrary to many industrialists' beliefs, superiors who had flot previously held their subordinate's job achieved higher communication accuracy scores than those managers who had their subordinate's job. As was pointed out, the answer may have a to do with the extra effort the 'inexperienced' superior has to put into his communication with subordinates who control phases of work with which he is unfamiliar; conversely, the 'experienced' manager may be somewhat more lax. As promotions seem to go more often to 'experienced' men than their 'inexperienced'
colleagues, this may be creating majo~ communication,
problems in industry-problems which training. specialists are trying to overcome by the use of job rotation, role laying, and case-study techniques in management development programmes.
Concerning job rotation, it was of interest to note that when subordinates has been with their superior for